- Italian Unification:
- Political Change: 9. High degree of political change because there were changes for voting (all adult men), social policy (limited working hours, prohibition of child labor, encouragement of technology), economic policy(free trade), new territory (Venetia gained) and new ruler (Mazzini, Garbaldi, and Cavour).
- Nationalism: 9. High degree of nationalism as a cause because Young Italy, group of Italians working for political change, promoted the unification. Not a 10 because the Pope group and Austria group disagreed.
- German Unification:
- Political change: 9. High degree of political change because there were new terriory (Holstein gained, Prussia strengthened), new rulers (Bismarck as chancellor), voting(all men over 25), political parties developed, social policy (Catholic Church influence limited), economy policy (businesses and industrialization, law by Bismarck benefited health).
- Nationalism: 8. Not as high as Italian Unification because it was mostly due to Bismarck’s ambition to strengthen Prussia. Still very much influenced influenced due to the 1848 Revolutioni when Zollverein was established.
- Austria-Hungary:
- Political Change: 8. Lower than Italy and Germany, because there were changes on government, economy, territory, and rulers except for social policies, which includes new voting rules as well. Should be only slightly lower than 9.
- Nationalism: 8. Same as Italy and Germany because there were ethnicity taken into concern for the cause of the unification. However, doesn’t get a higher score because nationalim has stopped temporarily during that period.
- Ottoman Empire:
- Political Change: 8. Same as Austria-Hungary, there were political, economic, rulers, and territory changes except for voting rights and other social policies.
- Nationalism: 5 The reason that the Crimean War and Balkan Wars happened was because of the nationalism in Europe that caused displeasure in the ethnic groups, the dispute over the Holy Land, and the need for power of the ethnic groups. So the Ottoman Empire was more influenced on reasons stated above instead of Nationalism compare to Italy and Germany.
- Russia
- Political Change: 2. The only changes were the very few political, social (voting/Duma, individual liberties), and economic changes. Not as significant and obvious as the others.
- Nationalism: 1 Czars has a strong dislike upon nationalist movements. Therefore, there is no way that the political political changes were a result of nationalism. There were even actions taken to oppress nationalist movements and eventually limited the spread of nationalism.